BISE Sargodha Board 9th Class Past Papers

BISE Sargodha Board 10th Class Past Papers

 Biology Inter 2nd year Past Paper 2012 Sargodha Board

Biology FSc Part 2 Past Papers Sargodha Board

Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Sargodha Past Papers

You can find here all previous past papers of Matric and Intermediate classes of Sargodha Board.

Matric

Matric Past Papers

Inter

Intermediate Past papers

Chemistry BISE Sargodha Board FSc Part 2 Past Papers

Islamiat Elective BISE Sargodha Board FA Part 2 Past Papers

BISE Sargodha Board Statistics Inter Part 2 Past Papers

Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Sargodha Syllaybus

FIVE CLASS RESULT  2016 – PUNJAB EXAMINATION COMMISSION

Punjab Examination Commission is a self-sufficient body set up by the Government of the Punjab to survey and look at understudies’ learning accomplishments especially of evaluation 5 and 8. PEC began working in 2005 and in 2006 led fifth grade populace examination without precedent for the Province.

Presently PEC is a statutory body working under Punjab Examination Commission Act XI of 2010.

EIGHT CLASS RESULT  2016 – PUNJAB EXAMINATION COMMISSION

Punjab Examination Commission is a self-sufficient body set up by the Government of the Punjab to survey and look at understudies’ learning accomplishments especially of evaluation 5 and 8. PEC began working in 2005 and in 2006 led fifth grade populace examination without precedent for the Province.

Presently PEC is a statutory body working under Punjab Examination Commission Act XI of 2010.

University of Sargodha M.A / M.Sc Admission Schedule 1st Annual Examination 2016

Sargodha University announce the schedule of admission for M.A / M.Sc, Part-I & II, 1st Annual Examination, 2016. Private candidates can submit their form for M.A Urdu, Islamic Studies, English, Political Science, Economics, History, Punjabi, Arabic, Pakistan Studies, International Relations, and M.Sc Mathematics.

UNIVERSITY OF PUNJAB THE PUNJAB RESULTS

• B.A. B.Sc.
• B.Com Part I & II
• B.Ed
• BS 4 Years Degree Program of Affiliated Colleges
• Diploma Courses
• Doctor of Pharmacy
• LLB Part I- II- III
• M.A / M.Sc.
• M.B.B.S
• M.Ed.
• M.Phil
• Professional Degree e.g Diploma Courses

Punjab University is an Public Research college situated in the downtown range of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the most established and biggest state funded college in Pakistan. With different grounds in Gujranwala, Jhelum, and Khanspur, the college was formally settled by the British Government in the wake of gathering the initially meeting for building up advanced education establishments in October 1882 at Simla. The Punjab University was the fourth college to be built up by the British pioneer dominant voices in the indian subcontinent; the initial three colleges were set up in different parts of British India.

The college offers an extensive variety of undergrad, post-graduate, and doctoral projects and different foundations in Punjab are associated with the Punjab University.

RESULTS

University of Sargodha MA Physical Education Part one 2013 Past Papers

Paper-1 Philosophy of Physical Education and Recreation

Paper-2 Movement Education (Basic Concepts)

Paper-3 Basic Anatomy and Physiology

Paper-4 Sports Psychology

Paper-5 Science of Track and Field

Paper-6 Rules and Techniques of Games and Sports

BZU Multan Admission 2016-17

Admission Schedule (Postgraduate Programs

Session 2016-2017(Morning)

The schedule for admission to:

B.Z. University Main Campus

M.A./M.Sc and other postgraduate courses Arabic, Applied Psychology, 2-Year Accounting & Finance, M.Com, Botany, MBA (Banking & Finance), MBA (HRM), MBA (M&FS), MBA 1.5 year (MBA II after 4 year BBA/BBA-IT) (Hons.), MBA 3.5 years (after 14 year of education), Biotechnology, Chemistry, Computer Science (MCS), M.Sc. (TS), Economics, Education, Gender Studies, Sports Sciences, English, History, Islamic Studies, Communication Studies, International Relations, Mathematics, Pak. Studies, Political Science, Physics, Philosophy, Sociology, Statistics, Saraiki, Urdu, Zoology, Botany, Anthropology, MPA, Public Policy.

Sub-Campus Sahiwal

MBA, Applied Psychology, English, Economics and M.Sc. Computer Science, Chemistry, Physics.

Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah

MBA, English, Economics, Psychology, Sociology, M.Ed.

Sub-Campus Vehari

Psychology, Mathematics, Economics.

Last date for receipt of applications: 05-09-2016 (Monday)

Merit list No.1 of selected candidates: 07-09-2016 (Wednesday)

Last date for payment of dues the selectees of Merit List No. 1 09-09-2016 (Friday)

Merit list No.2:  15-09-2016 (Thursday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No.2: 16-09-2016 (Friday)

Merit List No.3: 19-09-2016 (Monday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 3 21-09-2016 (Wednesday)

Class work will start from: 03-10-2016 (Monday)

Admission Schedule (MS/M.Phil/M.Sc. (Hons.) and Ph.D. Programs New

Admission Session 2016-2017

Last date for receipt of applications: 16-09-2016 (Friday)

Departmental Test for MS/M.Phil and Ph.D Programs (subject based by BZU) 19-09-2016 (Monday)

Result Declared On 21-09-2016 (Wednesday)

Merit list No.1 of selected candidates: 22-09-2016 (Thursday)

Last date for payment of dues the selectees of Merit List No. 1 26-09-2016 (Monday)

Merit list No.2 of selected candidates: 27-09-2016 (Tuesday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No.2: 30-09-2016 (Friday)

Class work will start from: 03-10-2016 (Monday)

Note:

Lists of selected candidates will be displayed only on the Notice Board of concerned Department/Institute/Centre/Constituent Colleges on the date announced in the admission schedule. The candidates are, therefore, advised to see the Notice Board of the respective Department/Institute/Centre/ Constituent Colleges for information regarding provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission in a Department/ Institute/Centre/Constituent Colleges.

Candidates will not be informed individually about their provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission and the University, therefore, will not accept any responsibility in this regard.

Information about conversion of seats from one category to the other category if any will be displayed on the Notice Board of the concerned Department/ Centre/ Institute/ Constituent College only upto one day before the start of classes.

Last date for payment of dues for the candidates of University Law College will be the next day given in the above schedule.

Forth merit list will be displayed on the Notice Board if the merit seat remain vacant after displaying of the third merit list.

Information for this list be taken from the respective departments.

Admission Schedule (Postgraduate Programs)

Session 2016-2017 (Evening/Afternoon)

Admission schedule under (Evening) programs for the disciplines of:

B.Z. University Main Campus

Botany, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Computer Science (MIT), MCS, Education, English, Economics, 3-Year Accounting & Finance, M.Com, Gender Studies, Geography, Sports Sciences, International Relations, MBA, M.A English (with Specialization in Language & Literature), Mass Communication, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Sociology, Zoology and M.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture (in the subjects of Agronomy, Entomology, Horticulture, Plant Breeding & Genetics, Plant Pathology, Food Science & Technology, Soil Science, Forestry and Range Management and Agricultural Engineering), Biochemistry, M.Sc. (TS), Applied Physics, Anthoropology, MPA, Special Education, Master of Business Economics, Governance & Public Policy, Applied Psychology, Sports Sciences, M.Sc. Insurance & Risk Management, MBA (Banking & Finance), MBA (HRM), MBA (M&FS), MBA 1.5 year (MBA II after 4 year BBA/BBA-IT) (Hons.), MBA 3.5 years (after 14 year of education), MBA 2.5 year (after 16 year of non business education.

Sub-Campus Sahiwal

MBA (General), English, Economics, Applied Psychology, Physics, Chemistry.

Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah

MBA, Economics, Sociology, Education, M.Ed,

Sub-Campus Vehari

Economics, Applied Psychology, Mathematic

Last date for receipt of applications: 05-09-2016 (Monday)

Merit list No.1 of selected candidates: 26-09-2016 (Monday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 1: 27-09-2016 (Tuesday)

Merit list No.2: 28-09-2016 (Wenesday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 2: 29-09-2016 (Thursday)

Merit list No.3: 30-09-2016 (Friday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 3: 03-10-2016 (Monday)

Class work will start from: 03-10-2016 (Monday)

Note:

Lists of selected candidates will be displayed only on the Notice Board of concerned Department/Institute on the date announced in the admission schedule. The candidates are, therefore, advised to see the Notice Board of the respective Department/Institute for information regarding provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission in a Department/Institute.

Candidates will not be informed individually about their provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission and the University, therefore, will not accept any responsibility in this regard.

Information about conversion of seats from one category to the other category if any will be displayed on the Notice Board of the concerned Department/ Institute only upto one day before the start of classes.

A Forth merit list will be displayed on the Notice Board if the merit seat remain vacant after displaying of the third merit list.

* Information for this list be taken from the respective departments.

Admission Schedule (Undergraduate Programs)

Session 2016-2017 (Morning)

The schedule for admission to:

B.Z. University Main Campus

BBA (Hons), BS(CS), BS (Accounting & Finance) and BS Commerce, BS Accounting Finance, Biotechnology, Microbiology BS (Islamic Studies), BS. Political Science, BS Arabic, B.Sc (Hons.) Human Nutrition and Dietetics, BS Foresty, Pharm-D, B.Sc.(Hons) Agriculture, B.Sc. (Hons) Food Science& Technology, B.A. LL.B. (Hons) (5 years Program), DVM, BS (4-Years) Program in Botany, Chemistry, Biochemistry Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Zoology, English, Economics, Environmental Science, Applied Psychology, Philosophy, Sociology, International Relations, Mass Communication History, Education, Pakistan Studies, Gender Studies, Urdu, B.Ed. (Hons.) 4-Year Elementary, BFA and B. Design, BS Anthropology, BPA, BBA (Hons.) Banking Finance. B.Sc in livestock Management, BS IT, Agri.Business & Markeeting, B.Sc Farm Management(2-year),BSc (hons.) Agri.Water Management.

Sub-Campus Sahiwal

BBA (Hons), BS Chemistry

Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah

BBA (Hons), B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture

Sub-Campus Vehari

Economics, Mathematics, Applied Psychology, LLB (5-year)

Last date for receipt of applications: 22-09-2016 (Thursday)

Merit list No.1 of selected candidates: 26-09-2016 (Monday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No.1: 28-09-2016 (Wednesday)

Merit list No.2: 29-09-2016 (Thursday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 2: 03-10-2016 (Monday)

Merit list No.3. 04-10-2016 (Tuesday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 3: 07-10-2016 (Friday)

Class work will start from: 31-10-2016 (Monday)

Note: Lists of selected candidates will be displayed only on the Notice Board of concerned Department/Institute/Constituent College on the date announced in the admission schedule. The candidates are, therefore, advised to see the Notice Board of the respective Department/Institute/Constituent College for information regarding provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission in a Department/Institute/ Constituent College.

Candidates will not be informed individually about their provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission and the University, therefore, will not accept any responsibility in this regard.

Information about conversion of seats from one category to the other category if any will be displayed on the Notice Board of the concerned Department/ Institute/ Constituent College only upto one day before the start of classes.

* Information for this list be taken from the respective departments.

Admission Schedule (Undergraduate Programs)

Session 2016-2017 (Morning)

The schedule for admission to: B.Z. University Main Campus

BBA (Hons), BS(CS), BS (Accounting & Finance) and BS Commerce, BS Accounting

Finance, Biotechnology, Microbiology BS (Islamic Studies), BS. Political Science, BS Arabic, B.Sc (Hons.) Human Nutrition and Dietetics, BS Foresty, Pharm-D, B.Sc.(Hons) Agriculture, B.Sc. (Hons) Food Science& Technology, B.A. LL.B. (Hons) (5 years Program), DVM, BS (4-Years) Program in Botany, Chemistry, Biochemistry Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Zoology, English, Economics, Environmental Science, Applied Psychology, Philosophy, Sociology, International Relations, Mass Communication History, Education, Pakistan Studies, Gender Studies, Urdu, B.Ed. (Hons.) 4-Year Elementary, BFA and B. Design, BS Anthropology, BPA, BBA (Hons.) Banking Finance. B.Sc in livestock Management, BS IT, Agri.Business & Markeeting, B.Sc Farm Management(2-year),BSc (hons.) Agri.Water Management.

Sub-Campus Sahiwal

BBA (Hons), BS Chemistry

Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah

BBA (Hons), B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture

Sub-Campus Vehari

Economics, Mathematics, Applied Psychology, LLB (5-year)

Last date for receipt of applications: 22-09-2016 (Thursday)

Merit list No.1 of selected candidates: 26-09-2016 (Monday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No.1: 28-09-2016 (Wednesday)

Merit list No.2: 29-09-2016 (Thursday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 2: 03-10-2016 (Monday)

Merit list No.3. 04-10-2016 (Tuesday)

Last date for payment of dues for the selectees of Merit List No. 3: 07-10-2016 (Friday)

Class work will start from: 31-10-2016 (Monday)

Note:

Lists of selected candidates will be displayed only on the Notice Board of concerned Department/Institute/Constituent College on the date announced in the admission schedule. The candidates are, therefore, advised to see the Notice Board of the respective Department/Institute/Constituent College for information regarding provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission in a Department/Institute/ Constituent College.

Candidates will not be informed individually about their provisional admission/withdrawal or cancellation of admission and the University, therefore, will not accept any responsibility in this regard.

Information about conversion of seats from one category to the other category if any will be displayed on the Notice Board of the concerned Department/ Institute/ Constituent College only upto one day before the start of classes.

* Information for this list be taken from the respective departments.

Sargodha University BA / B.Sc 2nd Annual Examination 2016 Admission

The Schedule for submission of the admission forms for BA / B.Sc 2^nd Annual Examination 2016 Sargodha university is given below:-

Last date to submit admission form with Single fee: 22^nd September 2016

Last date to submit admission form with Single fee: 28^th September 2016

Exams fee Rates:-

B.A Single Fee:  Rs. 3350/-

B.A Double Fee: Rs.  6700/-

B.Sc Single Fee:  Rs. 3850/-

B.Sc Double Fee: Rs.  7700/-

Registration fee for unregistered / Fresh students only: Rs. 2500/-

The admission forms and bank challan can be downloaded from below:-

Download Admission form & Bank Challan

The fee must be deposited in any branch of Habib Bank Limited in account No. 04237900985603 on bank challan. Demand Draft, Banker’s Cheque etc. will not be acceptable.

Note:-

1. If any student deposits less than the prescribed fee, he will have to deposit 03 times of the less / remaining fee otherwise Roll No. Slip/s will not be issued.
2. The examination is excepted to be held in November / December 2016. Exact date of start of examination will be notified later on.

University of Sargodha Zoology (Elective) Syllabus B.A / B.Sc

Download full Syllabus

ZOOLOGY

APPENDIX ‘A’

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

1. To develop and understanding of the problems of Zoological Sciences by means of observations & experimentations & thus finding out solutions of the problems.
2. to equip the students with sufficient basic information on different aspects of Animal life so that they are able to manage basic human problems such as sanitation, health, agriculture, Animal breeding, Fisheries, Poultry and Wild life etc.
3. To give them enough scientific training which would be necessary for them to serve on different positions in Forestry, Fisheries Science, Zoological survey, Pest Control, Primary and secondary education, Wildlife, Health Education, Museums, Zoological Gardens, Environments and other related professions.
4. To provide them with all necessary information required for higher education in various disciplines of Zoology.

Scheme of Studies:

*There will be three papers. For every paper a minimum of 85 lectures must be delivered during the academic session.

Theory: Title Marks

Paper A: Principles in Animal Life 45

Paper B: Invertebrates and Chordates Diversity:

Classification, Phylogeny and Organization 50

Paper C: Animal Form and Function:

A Comparative Perspective 45

Total: 140

Practicals:

Practical Paper A: 20

Practical Paper B: 20

Practical Paper C: 20

Total: 60

Grand Total: 200

APPENDIX ‘B’

(SYLLABI & COURSES OF READING)

PAPER A: PRINCIPLES IN ANIMAL LIFE

1. Place of Zoology in Science.

A One-World View: Genetic Unity, The Fundamental Unit of life, Evolutionary Oneness and the Diversity of Life, Environment and World Resources; What is Zoology? The Classification of Animals; The Scientific Method.

2. The Chemical Bases of Animal Life.

Atoms and Elements: Building Blocks of All Matter, Compounds and Molecules: Aggregates and Atoms; Acids, Bases and Buffers; The Molecules of Animals: Fractional Account of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, based on their structural aspects.

3. Cells,Tissues,Organs and Organ System of Animals.

Structure and Functions of Cell Membranes; Various Movements across Membranes; Cytoplasm, Organelles, and Cellular Components: Functional account of Ribosomes , Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton, Cilia and Flagella, Centrioles and Microtubules, and Vacuoles based on their structural aspects. The Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomes and Nucleolus.Tissues: Diversity in Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue ,to perform various functions. Struatural integrations for functions in Organs and Organ Systems.

4. Energy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Forces.

Energy and the Laws of Energy Transformation; Activation Energy; Enzymes: Structure, Function and Factors affecting their Activity; Cofactors and Coenzymes; ATP: How Cells Convert Energy? An Overview.

5. How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients.

Glycolysis: The first Phase of Nutrient Metabolism, Fermentation: “Life without Oxygen”; Aerobic Respiration: The Major Source of ATP; Metabolism of Fats and Proteins; Control of Metabolism; The Metabolic Pool.

6. Cell Division.

Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and the Cell Cycle: An Overview; Control of the Cell Cycle; Meiosis; The Basis of Sexual Reproduction; Gamete Formation.

7. Inheritance Patterns.

The Birth of Modern Genetics; Mendelian Inheritance Patterns; Other Inheritance Patterns; Environmental Effects and Gene Expression.

8. Chromosomes and Gene Linkage.

Eukaryotic Chromosomes; Linkage Relationships; Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure.

9. Molecular Genetics: Ultimate Cellular Control.

DNA: The Genetic Material; DNA Replication in Eukaryotes; Genes in Action; Control of Gene Expression in Eulkaryuotes; Mutation; Applications of Genetic Technologies Recombinant DNA.

10. Ecology l : Individuals and Populations.

Animals and Their Abiotic Environment; Populations; Interspecific Interactions.

11. Ecology ll: Communities and Ecosystems.

Community Structure and Diversity ; Ecosystems; Ecosystems of the Earth, Ecological Problems, Human Population Growth, Pollution ,Resource Depletion and Biodiversity.

12. Animal Behaviour.

Four Approaches to Animal Behaviour, Proximate and Ultimate Causes; Anthropomorphism, Development of Behaviour, Learning, Control of Behaviour, Communication, Behavioral Ecology, Social Behaviour.

13. Evolution: A Historical Perspective .

Pre-Darwinian Theories of Change,Lamarck, An Early Development of Darvin’s Ideas of Evolution, The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Evolutionary Thought after Darwin; Biogeography.

14. Evolution and Gene Frequencies.

The Modern Synthesis: A Closer Look; The Hardy –Weinberg Theorem; Evolutionary Mechanism. Population Size, Genetic Drift, Neutral Selection, Gene flow, Mutation and Balanced Polymorphism, Species and Speciation; Rates of Evolution; Molecular Evolution; Mosaic Evolution.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

Principal Reference Book:

1. Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B., 1999 & 2002 . Zoology , 4^th and 5^th Edition (International), Singapore:McGraw Hill.

Additional Readings:

2. Hickman, C.P., Robertsd, L.S. and Larson, A., 2001. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11^th Edition (International) . Singapore: McGraw Hill.

3. Pechenik, J.A., 2000 . BIOLOGY OF INTERVEBRATES, 4^th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.

4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S., 2001 . COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. New York: McGraw Hill.

5. Campbell, N.A., 2002 . BIOLOGY Sixth Edition. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/

Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

PAPER B: INVERTEBRATES AND CHORDATES DIVERSITY:

CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION

1. Introduction.

Classification of Organisms; Evolutionary Relationsihips and Tree Diagrams; Patterns of Organization.

2. Animal-Like Protists; The Protozoa.

Evolutionary Perspective; Life Within a Single Plasma Membrane: Symbiotic Life-styles. Protozoan Taxonomy: (upto phyla,subphyla, superclasses, wherever applicable).Pseudopodia and Amoeboid Lecomotion; Cilia and Other Pellicular Structurews; Nutrition Genetic Control and Reproduction; Symbiotic Ciliates;Further Phylogenetic Consideeration.

3. Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization.

Evolutionary Perspective;Origins of Multicellularity; Animal Origins.Phylum Porifera: Cell Types,Body Wall, and Skeletons; Water Currents and Body Forms; Maintenance Functions;Reproduction.Phylum Cnidaria(Coelenterata). The body Wall and Nematocysts: Alternation of Generations; Maintenance Functions: Reproductin and Classification up to class.Phylum Gtenophora; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

4. The Triploblastic_Acoelomate Body Plan.

Evolutionary Perspective; Phylum Platyhelminthes: classification up to class; The Free-Living Flatworms and the Tapeworms, phylum Nemertea; phylum Gastrotricha; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

5. The Pseudocoelomate Body Plan:Aschelminths.

Evolutionary Perspective; General Characterisitcs; Classification up to phyla with External Features, Feeding and the Digestive System;Other Organ Systems; Reproduction and Development of phylum Rotifera and phylum Nematoda; Phylum Kinorhyncha. Some important Nematode Parasites of Humans; Further Phylogenetic Consideration.

6. Molluscan Success.

Evolutionary Perspective: Relationships to Other Animals;Origin of the Coelom;Molluscan Characteristics;Shell and Associated Structures:Classification up to class. Feeding and Digestion:Gas Exchange:Locomotion; Reproduction and Development;Other Maintenance Functions and Diversity in Gastropods:Bivalves and Cephalopods;Further Phylogenetic Considerations;

7. Annelida:The Metameric Body Form.

Evolutionary Prespective:Relationships to Other Animals:Metamerism and Tagmatization:Classification up to class.External Structure and Locomotion:Feeding and the Digestive System;Gas Exchange and Circulation:Nervous and Sensory Functions.Excretion; Regeneration, Reproduction, and Development in Polychaeta,Oligochaeta and Hirudinea;Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

8. The Arthropods:Blueprint for Success.

Evolutionary Prespective:Classification and Relationships to Other Animals; Metamerism and Tagmatization, The Exoskeleton; Metamorphosis; Classification up to class; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

9. The Hexapods and Myriapods; Terrestrial Triumphs.

Evolutionary Perspective; Classification up to class. External Structure and Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive System, Gas Exchange , Circulation and Temperature Regulation, Nervous and Sensory Functions, Excretion, Chemical Regulation, Reproduction and Development in Hexapoda; Insect Behavior; Insects and Humnans; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

10. The Echinoderms.

Evolutionary Parspective; Relatiionships to other Animals; Echinoderm Characteristics; Classification up to class, Maintenance Functions, Regeneration, Reproduction and Development in Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinolidea, Holothuroidea and Crinoidea; Further Phylogenetic Considerations; Somke Lesser-Known Invertebrates; The Lophophorates,Entoprocts,Cycliophores, and Chaetognaths.

11. Hemichordata and Invertebrate Chordates.

Evolutionary Perspective; Phylogenetic Relationships; Classification up to subphylum or class where applicable; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

12. The Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water.

Evolutionary Perspective.Phylogenetic Relationships; Survey of Superclass Agnatha and Gnathostomata, Evolutionary Pressures: Adaptations in Locomotion, Nutrition and the digestive System, Circulation,Gas Exchange, Nervous and Sensory Functions, Excretion and Osmoregulation, Reproduction and Development; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

13. Amphibians:the First Terrestrial Veriebrates.

Evolutionary Prespective. Phylogenetic Relationships; Survey of Order Caudata, Gymnophiona and anura Evolutionary Pressures: Adaptations in External Structure and Locomotion , Nutrition and the Digestive System, Circulation, Gas Exchange , Temperature Regulation Nervous and Sensory Functions , Excretion and Osmoregulation, Reproduction, Development, and Metamorphosis; further Phylogenetic Considerations.

14. Reptiles: The First Amniotes.

Evolutionary Prespective: Cladistic Interpretation of the Amniotic Lineage; Survey of Order Testudines or Chelonia, Rhynehocephalia, Squamata, and Crocodilia, Evolutionary Pressures; Adaptations in External Structure and Locomotion,Nutrition and the digestive System, Circulation.Gas Exchange and Temperature Regulation, Nevous and Sensory Functions, Excretion and Osmoregulation, Reproduction and Development; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.

15. Birds: Feathers, Flight, and endothermy.

Evolutionary Prespective: Phylogenetic Relation ships; Ancient Birds and the Evolution of Flight: Diversity of Modern Birds; Evolutionary Pressures; Adaptations in External Structure and Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive system , Circulation, Gas Exchange and Temperature Regulation, Nervous and Sensory Systems, Excretion and Osmoregulation, Reproduction and Development, ;Migration and Navigation.

16. Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy,Hair, and Vivipartiy.

Evolutionary Prespective:Diversity of Mammals; Evolutionary Pressure: Adaptations in External Structure and Locomotion, Nutrition and the Digestive Systems, Circulation, Gas Exchange and Temperature Regulation, Nervous and Sensory Functionss, Excretion and Osmoregulation,Behavior, Reproduction and Development.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

Principal Reference Book:

1. Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B., 1999 & 2002 . Zoology , 4^th and 5^th Edition (International), Singapore:McGraw Hill.

Additional Readings:

2. Hickman, C.P., Robertsd, L.S. and Larson, A., 2001. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11^th Edition (International) . Singapore: McGraw Hill.

3. Pechenik, J.A., 2000 . BIOLOGY OF INTERVEBRATES, 4^th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.

4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S., 2001 . COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES.New York: McGraw Hill.

5. Campbell, N.A., 2002 . BIOLOGY Sixth Edition. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

PAPER C: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION:

A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

1. Protection.Support and Movement.

Protection.The Integumentary System of Invertebrates and Vertebrates; Movement and Support. The Skeletal System of Invertebrates and Vertebrates; Movement; Non-muscular movement; An Introduction to Animal Muscles; The Muscular System of Invertebrates and Vertebrates.

2. Communication l: Nerves.

Neuron. Structure and Function: Neuron Communication: Introductory accounts of Resting Membrance Potential, Action Potential (Nerve Impulse) and Transmission of the Action Potential Between Cells; Invertebrate and Vertebrate Nervous Systems; The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, The Brain, Cranial Nerves and The Autonomic Nervous System.

3. Communication ll: Senses.

Sensory Reception: Baroreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Georeceptors, Hygroreceptors, Phonoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Proprioceptors, Tactile Receptors and thermo receptors in invertebrates; Lateral-Line System And Electrical Sensing, Lateral-Line system and Mechanoreception, Hearing and Equilibrium in Air, Hearing and Equilibrium in Water, Skin Sensors of Damaging Stimuli, Skin of Heat and Cold, Skin Sensors of Mechanical Stimuli, Sonar, Snmell, Taste and Vision in Vertebrates.

4. Communication lll: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers.

Chemical Messengers: Hormones Chemistry and their Feedback Systems; Mechanisms of Hormone Action; Some Hormones of Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminths. Nemerteans,Nematodes, molluses, Annelids, Arthropods, and Echinoderms, Invertebrates. An Overview of the Vertebrate Endocrine System; Endocrine Systems of Vertebrates other than Birds or Mammals ; Endocrine Systems of Birds and Mammals.

5. Circulation and Gas Exchange.

Internal Transport and Circulatory System in Invertebrates; Characteristics of Invertebrate Coelomic Fluid, Hemolymph and Blood Cells; Transport System in Vertebrates; Characteristics of Vertebrate Blood, Blood Cells and Vessels; The Heart and Circulatory System of Bony Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; the human Heart; Blood Pressure and the Lymphatic System;Immmunity; Nonspecific Defenses, The Immune Response; Gas Exchange; Respiratory Surfaces; Invertebrate and Vertebrate Respiratory Systems: Cutaneous Exchange, Gills, Lungs and Lung Ventilation; Human Respiratory System ; Gas Transport.

6. Nutrition and Digestion.

Evolution of Nutrition; The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in Heterotrophs; Digestion; Animal Strategies for Getting and Using Food. Diversity In Digestive Structure of Invertebrates and Vertebrates; The Mammalian Digestive System; Gastrointestinal Motility and its control, Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Esophagus,Stomach,Small Intestine; Main Site of Digestion , Large Intestine; Role of the Pancreas in Digestion; Role of the Liver and Gall Bladder in Digestion.

7. Temperature and body Fluid regulation.

Homeoestasis and Temperature Regulation: The Impact of Temperature on Animal Life;Heat gain and losses;Some solution to Temperature fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Heat Production in Birds and Mammals; Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and excretion) Invertebrates and Vertebrate Excretory Systems,How Vertebrates achieve Osmoregulation; Vertebrate Kidney Variations; Mechanism in Metanephric Kidney Functions.

8. Reproduction and Development.

Asexual Reproducation in invertebrates; Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproducation; Sexual Reproduction in invertebrates; Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction.Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates; Reproductive Strategies; Examples of Reproduction among Various Vertebrate classes; The human male reproductive system; Spermatogenesis Transport and hormonal control, Reproductive function; The human female reproductive system.Folliculogenesis, Transport and Hormonal control; Reproductive Functions;Hormonal Regulation in gestation; Prenatal Development and birth events;of prenatal development; The Placenta; Birth; Milk Production and laction.

9. Descriptive Embryology.

Fertilization; Embryonic development; Cleavage, and Egg types; The Primary Germ Layers and their Derivatives; Echinoderm Embryology; Vertebrate Embryology; The Chordate Body Plan, amphibian embryology, Development in terrestrial Enviornments, Avian Embryology, the fate of Mesoderm.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

Principal Reference Book:

1. Miller, A.S. and Harley, J.B., 1999 & 2002 . Zoology , 4^th and 5^th Edition (International), Singapore:McGraw Hill.

Additional Readings:

2. Hickman, C.P., Robertsd, L.S. and Larson, A., 2001. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11^th Edition (International) . Singapore: McGraw Hill.

3. Pechenik, J.A., 2000 . BIOLOGY OF INTERVEBRATES, 4^th Edition (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.

4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S., 2001 . COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. New York: McGraw Hill.

5. Campbell, N.A., 2002 . BIOLOGY Sixth Edition. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

PRACTICAL PAPER A: PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Note for 1: (Emphasis on the concept that tests materials have been ultimately obtained from living organisms ).

2. Study of the prepared slides of squamous,cuboidal, columnar epithelial tissues, adipose

connective, cartilage bone, blood, nervous, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle tissues.

Note for 2: (Prepared Microscopic and/ or projection slides and/ or CD ROM computer projections must be used ).

3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood.
4. Protein digestion by pepsin.
5. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.
6. Study of meiosis in grass hopper testis.

Note for 5-6: (Prepared Microscopic and/ or projection slides and/ or CD ROM computer projections must be used ).

7. Problem based on study of Mendelian ratio in animals.
8. Multiple alleles Study in blood groups.
9. Survey and study of a genetic factor in population and its frequency.
10. Study of chromosomal number and structural change in Drosophila.

12. Study of cytochemical demonstration of DNA in protozoa and avian blood cell.
13. Study of stages in the development of an Echinoderm.

14. Study of early stages in the development of a frog, chick and a mammal.

Note for 10-14: (Prepared Microscopic and/ or projection slides and/ or CD ROM computer projections must be used ).

15. Study to demonstrate nervous or endocrine basis of behavior (conditioned reflex or aggression or parental behavior) .

16. Study to demonstrate social behaviour(Honey bee, monkey group in a zoo).
17. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.
18. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem study).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PRACTICALS

1. Miller, S.A , 2002 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5^th Edition

(International) Singapore: McGraw Hill.

2. Hickman, C.P., and Kats, H.L., 2000. LABORATORY STUDIES IN INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. Singapore: McGraw Hill.

PRACTICAL PAPER B: INVERTEBRATE AND CHORDATE

DIVERSITY: PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION

1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Paramecium as representative of animal like protests (Prepared Slides).

2. Study of sponges and their various body forms.
3. Study of principal representative classes of phylum coelenterata.
4. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representative of phylum Rotifera, Phylum Nematoda.
6. Study of principal representative of classes of phylum Mollusca.
7. Study of principal representative of classes of phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representative classes of groups of phylum Arthropoda and Echinoderms.
9. Study of a representative of hemichordate and invertebrate chordate.
10. Study of representative groups of class fishes.
11. Study of representative groups of class amphibian.
12. Study of representative groups of class Reptilia.
13. Study of representative groups of class Aves.
14. Study of representative groups of class Mammalia.
15. Field trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem.
16. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the following.

Paramecium , Obelia , Daphnia and Parapodia of Neries.

Note: ( Preserved specimen and / or colored projection slide and / or CD ROM projection of computer must be used ).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PRACTICALS

1. Miller, S.A , 2002 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5^th Edition

(International) Singapore: McGraw Hill.

2. Hickman, C.P., and Kats, H.L., 2000. LABORATORY STUDIES IN INTEGRATED

PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. Singapore: McGraw Hill.

PRACTICAL PAPER C: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION:

A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

1. Study of insect cuticle, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and mammalian skin.

2. Study and notes on skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, Fowl and Rabbit.

Note for 2: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons of their functions must be done.

3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater muscle, channa or catla catla or Labeo or any other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse or rabbits are representative animals for study in dissections.

4. Study of models or preserved brains of representative animals and notes on adaptations.
5. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
6. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a mammal.
7. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear.
8. Study of heart, principal arteries and principal veins in a representative vertebrate.
9. Study of repiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate representative.
10. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative. (Model)
11. Study of nutritive canal in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative.

12. Study of male reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative.
13. Study of female reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative.
14. Study of hormonal influence of a reproductive function. (Model)
15. Study of preserved advanced stages of avian and mammalian development for amniotic membranes and placenta.

Note for 4-6 and 8-13: ( Notes of comparisons in to adaptation must be written ).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PRACTICALS

1. Miller, S.A , 2002 GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5^th Edition

(International) Singapore: McGraw Hill.

2. Hickman, C.P., and Kats, H.L., 2000. LABORATORY STUDIES IN INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. Singapore: McGraw Hill.

University of Sargodha Botany (Elective) B.Sc Syllabus

Botany (Elective)

Download Full Syllabus

APPENDIX ‘A’

CURRICULUM OF B.Sc BOTANY FOR SESSION 2004-2006 & ONWARDS.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

1. To develop the understanding of the problems of Plant Sciences by means of observations & experimentations & thus finding out solutions of the problems.
2. To equip the students with sufficient basic information on different aspects of plant life so that they are able to manage basic human problems such as Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Plant Breeding, Forestry and Wild life etc.
3. To give them enough scientific training which would be necessary for them to serve on different positions in Forestry, Plant Science, Botanical survey ,Pest Control ,Primary and secondary education, Wildlife, Health Education , Botanical Gardens , Environments and other related professions.
4. To provide them with all necessary information required for higher education in various disciplines of Botany.

 Scheme of Studies:

          *There will be three papers. For every paper a minimum of 85 lectures must be delivered during the academic session.

Theory:                                               Title                                                            Marks

Paper A:                              Microbiology and diversity in plants                45

Paper B:                              Cell Biology, Genetics, Anatomy and

                                                Taxonomy of Angiosperms                                 50

Paper C:                                 Physiology and Ecology                                     45

Total:        140

Practicals:

Practical-A                            Will cover Paper A.                                                                  20

Practical-B                            Will cover paper B.                                                                  20

Practical-C                            Will cover paper C.                                                                  20

Total:         60

Grand Total:            200

APPENDIX ‘B’

(Syllabi and courses of Reading)

PAPER A: MICROBIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY IN PLANTS:

Definition, scope and classification of the plant kingdom.

1. Microbiology:

Bacteria

1. General structure, classification and biological importance (Role of Bacteria in Rhizosphere, Nodulation).

1. Transmission of Gentic material in Bacteria: conjugation . transduction and transformation.
2. Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) General account with special emphasis on nitrogen fixation and soil building, life cycle of oscillatoria / Anabaena.

1. General economic importance of Bacteria.

Viruses

1. General structure and biochemical nature.
2. Introduction to viral diseases: Tobacco Mosaic disease.

2. Diversity of Plants:

Algae

General structure, occurrence, reproduction and classification.

1. Chlorophyta: General account, economic importance, life cycle of Volvox. Oedogonium.
2. Charophyta: Chara
3. Xanthophyta: General account and life cycle of Vaucheria.
4. Bacillariophyta: General account, economic importance, life cycle of pinnularia.
5. Phaeophyta : General account, economic importance , life cycle of Ectocarpus.
6. Rhodophyta: General account, economic importance, life cycle of Batrachospermum.

Fungi

General structure, occurrence, reproduction and classification, life cycle, economic importance with Emphasis on industrial and medicinal significance. Method of control of pathogenic forms (Smuts and Rust).

1. Mastigomycotina Albugo
2. Ascomycotina Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Yeast
3. Basidomycotina Ustilago Puccinia and Agaricus
4. Dueteoromycotina Alternaria

Lichens

General account, structure and life history of Physcia.

Bryophyta (Atracheophyta)

General account, reproduction, classification, affinities and ecological importance with special Reference to the life cycle of Anthoceros and Funaria.

Pteridophyta

1. Psilopsida: General account, structure and life history of Psilotum and its affinities.
2. Lycopsida: General account, structure and life history of Selaginella and its affinities.
3. Sphenopsida: General account, structure and life history of Equisetum.
4. Pteropsida: Filicinae (Ferns), general account, life history of Adiantum and Marsilea.
5. Gymnosperms:

General account with reference to structure and life history of Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra and their affinities.

4. Angiosperms:

Life cycle of a typical angiosperm.

PRACTICALS

1. Bacterial culture and staining. Identification of Gram Positive and Gram negative bacteria.
2. Study of the morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theorypaper (cyanobacteria, Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta & Gymnosperms).

iii.   Identification of prepared slides of various types mentioned.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED (latest editions):

1. Smith, G.M. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. I & II, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
2. Mclean. RC. And Ivemey Cook, Text book of Theoretical Botany, Longman’s Green and Co.
3. Bold, H.C., Morphology of Plants. Harper & Row, N.Y.
4. Webster, J.W. An introduction to Fungi, National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
5. Pandey, S.N. Text Book of Botany vol.II. S.Chand & Co, New Dehli.
6. Ross, F.C. Introductin to Microbiology. John Wiley.

PAPER B

THEORY

CELL BIOLOGY; GENETICS;

ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

1. Cell Biology:
2. The ultra-structure of plant cell with a brief description and functions of the following:

1. Plasma membrane      ii.             Endoplasmic retriculum

iii.            Plastids                     iv.            Mitochondria

1. Ribosomes                  iv.            Dictyosomes

vii.           Vacuole                 viii.          Microbodies (Glyoxysome and Paroxysm)

2. Nucleus: Nuclear membrane. Chromosome morphology and karyotype analysis.
3. Reproduction in somatic and embryogenic cell, with details of different phases (Mitosis & Meiosis).
4. Chromosomal aberrations.
5. Changes in the number of chromosomes.Aneuploidy and Euploidy.
6. Changes in the structure of chromosomes , deficiency, duplication, inversion and translocation.
7. Genetics:
8. Sex linked inheritance, sex linkage in Drosophila and man (colour blindness) , xo,xy,wz mechanism, sex limited and sex linked characters, sex determination.
9. Linkage and crossing over: Defination, linkage groups, construction of linkage maps, detection of linkage.
10. Molecular genetics: Chemical structure of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA); DNA replication. Nature of gene, genetic code, transcription, translation, Protein synthesis, regulation of gene expression (e.g. lc operon).
11. Principles of genetic engineering / Biotechnology; Basic genetic engineering techniques.
12. Application of genetics in plant improvement: Induction of genetic variability (gene mutations recombination), physical and chemical mutagens, selection, hybridization and plant breeding techniques, establishment of varieties, release of new varieties.
13. Evolution: The concept of evolution.
14. Anatomy:
15. Scope of plant anatomy.
16. Cell wall: Gross structure and chemical composition.
17. Apical meristerms: Types of meristems, structure of root and shoot apical meristems.
18. Tissue and tissue system: Concept, structure and function of the following tissues: Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem and epidermis.

5. Primary structure of a dicot and moniocot root, stem and leaf.
6. Vascular Cambium: secondary growth in a dicot stem. A brief account of periderm.
7. Taxonomy:
8. Binomial nomenclature.
9. Systems of classification (Engler and Prantel)
10. Study, Distribution, diagnostic characters and economic importance of the following families:
11. Chenopodiaceae ii.             Ranunculaceae

iii.            Brassicaceae                                       iv.            Euphorbiaceae

1. Mimocaceae                                            vi.            Papillionaceae

vii.           Cesalpinaceae                                  viii.          Rutaceae

1. Malvaceae                                              x.             Cucurbitaceae
2. Rosaceae                                               xii.           Salicaceae

xiii.          Solanaceae                                     xiv.          Liliaceae

1. Poaceae                                                xvi.          Asteraceae

PRACTICALS:

1. Study of cell structure using compound microscope.
2. Measurement of size of cell.
3. Fixation and staining of plant material.
4. Study of mitosis and meiosis by smear method.
5. Genetical problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic material.
6. Identification of DNA in plant material (Feulgen staining).
7. Study of Chromosome morphology and variation in chromosome number.
8. Study of salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila.
9. Preparation and study of cross sections of sunflower and corn root and stem. Study of cross section of a bifacial leaf.
10. Technical description of common flowering plants belonging to families mentioned in theory syllabus.
11. Field trips will be undertaken to study and collect local plants. Students shall submit 40 properly preserved and fully identified plants at the time of examination.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Dyonsager, V.R. Cytology and Genetics. Talar and McGraw Hill Publications Co.Ltd., New Dehli.
2. Verma and Agarwal. Tet book of Cytology, Chand and Co.,New Dehli.
3. De Robertis, E.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. Cell and Molecular Biology. Hoet Lae and Febiger, New York.
4. Norman V.Rothwell. Understanding Genetics, Oxford Univerity Press, Inc., London.
5. P. Burke and Richardson. H. Introduction to Modern Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Laura Livingston Mays. Genetics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, U.S.A.
7. Strichberger, M.V. Genetics, MacMillan Press LTD., London.
8. Esau, K.An introduction to Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley & Sons Inc New York, London.
9. A. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Pres, Oxford.
10. Lawson and Sahni. Text book of Botany. University Tutorial Press, London.
11. Zahur, M.S. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. IImi Kutab Khana, Lahore.
12. Tahir Rajput, S.Hasney.K.M. Khan . Plant Taxonomy. Nasim Book Depot, Hyderabad.

 PAPER C

PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY

1. Types and properties of solutions. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. SI units for expressing concentration of solutions, Acids, Bases and Salts. pH., definition of buffers and their role in Biological systems. Colloidal systems, their nature, properties and biological significance.
2. imbibition, Osmosis and osmotic components (Osmotic potential, pressure potential, water potential, matric potential). Absorption and translocation of water. Transpiration, factors affecting transpiration. Stomatal Physiology.
3. Mineral uptake: Soil as a source of minerals, Passive and active transport. Essential mineral elements, their role and deficiency symptoms with emphasis on Ca, N, K and P.
4. Enzymes: Definition, nature, properties and classification.
5. Photosynthesis: Measurement, factors affecting this process: concept of limiting factors, absorption and action spectra. Mechanism (Photophosphorylation and dark fixation of CO² – C³, C⁴ & CAM Plants) Products of photosynthesis.
6. Respiration: Definition and mechanism, Glycolysis, Anaerobic respiration. Krebs cycle. Electron Transport system and oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory substrates and respiratory quotients.
7. Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation.
8. Growth: Definition: role of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins in controlling growth. Introduction to plant tissue culture.
9. Photoperiodism: Definition, historical background, short days, long day and day neutral plants . Night interruption experiments. Hormonal concept inphotoperiodism, Role of phytochromes.
10. Dormancy: Definition and causes of dormancy: methods of breaking dormancy.
11. Vernalization: Annual and biennial forms Hormonal concept and phasic development theory.
12. Plant Movements: Tropic movements- Phototropism, gravitropism and their mechanisms. Nastic movements.

ECOLOGY:-

1. Ecology: Definition, scope and applications.
2. Species and population: Level of organizations (organism, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere definitions only).
3. Ecological factors:

Soil:    Difinition of soil, different soil types, parent material and its weathering, soil texture and classification, soil microorganism, soil organic matter (humus, its properties, accumulation and loss). Importance of organic matter; waterlogging and salinity, causes and reclamation, soil erosion different types of erosion, methods of control and conservation.

 Light:    Light measurement and variation, Ecophysiological responses of plants to light.

Water:    Water cycle in nature, atmospheric moisture, its measurement and its importance to plants. Precipitation, its causes and measurement. Their importance to plant. Drought and drought resistance of plants.

Temperature:    Importance of temperature to plants, physiological responses and adaptations.

Wind:    Effects on plant growth and distribution. Soil erosion by wind and its control.

4. Methods of study of plant communities.
5. Plant succession and climax concept (hydrosere and xerosere).
6. Ecosystem: concept of an ecosystem, pond, forest and grassland as examples of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
7. Ecological energetics: Efficiency pyramids, food chains and food web, trophic levels.
8. Productivity: concept, types and measurements.
9. Biogeochemical Cycles of P and N.
10. Environmental pollution: Its kinds (Air, water and land).
11. Conservation of natural resources.
12. Vegetation types of Pakistan in relation to Environmental factors.

PRACTICALS

1. Preparation of solutions of specific normality of acids / bases, salts, sugars, molal / molar solutions and their standardization.
2. Determination of water potential of a massive tissue such as potato tuber.
3. Measurement of leaf water potential by the dye method.
4. Determination of the temperature at which beet root cells lose their semi-permeability.
5. Determination of the effects of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration of a leafy shoot by means of a photometer.
6. Test for sugars (Reducing and non-reducing). Glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose.
7. Chemical tests for the following cell constituents:
8. Starch ii.             Cellulose

iii.            Lignin                                                                     iv.              Proteins

8. Extraction of chlorophyll from the leaves and separation of component pigments on a paper chromatogram. Study of absorption spectra using spectrophotometer.
9. Comparison of the effects of green, red and blue-coloured light on the amount of oxygen evolved by a photosynthesizing plant.
10. Oxygen estimation in photosynthesis by Winkler’s method.
11. Extraction of amylase from germinating wheat seed and study of its effect on starch breakdown.
12. Measurement of carbon dioxide evolution during respiration of germinating seeds by the titration method.
13. Determination of the total acidity in Bryophyllum leaves kept in dark and light.
14. Determination of leaf area index.
15. Measurement of Growth by leaf area increase method.
16. Study of different stages of seed germination (zones of growth).
17. Determination of soil organic matter contents by wet digestion method.
18. Test for the presence of nitrates in a soil sample.
19. Soil texture determination by hydrometer method.
20. Determination of soil carbonate by acid neutralization method.
21. Measurement of local vegetation types by Quadrat method.
22. Study of pond, grassland and forest ecosystems.
23. Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in tap water.
24. Determination of the Chloride contents of irrigation water.
25. Determination of soil pH.
26. Measurement of productivity by harvest method.
27. Field trips for familiarization with natural vegetation.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED (Latest editions):

1. Akhtar, M.A., Introductionary plant physiology, Qureshi brothers, urdu bazaar , Lahore.
2. Mayer B.S. & Anderson, D.B.Plant physiology, McGraw-Hill , book Co.Inc,.New York.
3. Bonner, J. and Galston, A.W.Principles of physiology.Freeman Press.
4. Bidwel, R.G.S., Plant physiology, Macmillan press London and New York.
5. Oosting , H.J.The study of plant communities. W.H. Freeman, Francisco.
6. Odum, E.P., Basic Ecology. W.B. Saunders & Co . Philadelphia int. ed.
7. llahi. Plant Growth, University Grants Commission Press, Islamabad.
8. Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Saunders & Co, Philadelphia.
9. Daubenmire, R.F. Plant & Environment. Text Book of Autecology. John Wiley, New York.
10. Hussain, F. Field and Laboratory Manual for Plants Ecology, University Grants Commission Press, Islamabad.
11. Hussain, F. & I.llahi. Ecolgy and vegetationof lesser Himalayas (Pakistan), Jadoon Press , Peshawar.
12. I.IIahi. Pllatn Physiology: Biochemical Processes in Plants. University Grants Commission Press, Islamabad.

BASIC REQUIRETNS FOR B.Sc (PRACTICALS)

Autoclave

Low temperature incubators

Inoculation chamber

Incubator

Microscope

1. Student Microscope ii.          Research microscope

iii.         Dissecting microscope                          iv.         Projection microscope

Electrical balance.

Waterbath (Constant temp).

Inoculating needles and wire loops for bacterial culture.

Rotary Microtome.

Spectroscope.

Water distillation plant.

Mechanical stirrer

Prism camera Lucida

Leaf area meter`

Prepared slides and specimens of types mentioned in the syllabus

Hydrometer

Ganong’s photometer

Transparencies required for elaborating the tissues more clearly.

Thremo couples

Humidifier

pH meter

Oxygen meter

Ovens

Incubators

Autoclaves 30-40 litres capacity

Freezers 20 ^o C.

Flask shaker

Shaking water bath with temperature control.

Controled environment incubator

Cooled water circulator of compressors

Bench ambient incubator

Bench top centrifuge

Warburg’s Appparatus

Nitrogen digesting and distillation apparatus (Kjeldahal’s apparatus)

Spectronic 20 – Spectrophotometer

Audio-Visual aid equipments: slide projector, overhead projector,

Epidiascope, video recording and projection system.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED (Latest editions):

1. Smith, G.M. Cryptogamic Botany (Vol. 1&1)National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
2. Mclean, R.C. & Ivimey-cook, Textbook of Theoretical Botany, Longmans, Green & Co.
3. Bold, H.C. Morphology of plants, Harper & Row, New York.
4. Webster, J.W. An introduction to Fungi, National Book Foundation Islamabad.
5. Nawaz, M. General Botany (Vol. 1,2 & 3), IImi Kutab Khana, Lahore.
6. Lawson & Sahni. Textbook of Botany, University Tutorial Press, Lahore.
7. Eames, A.J. An introductionto plant anatomy, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Ltd., New Dehli.
8. Sinnott, E.W. & & Dunn, L.C. Principles of Genetics, McGraw-Hill book Co. New York, Tokyo.
9. Akhtar, M.A. introduction to plant physiology.
10. Bonner, J.& Glaston. A.W. Principles of plant physiology, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco & London.
11. Mayer, B.S. & Anderson, D.B. & Bohniing, R.H.Introduction to plant physiology, D.VanNostrand Co., New York.
12. Oosting, H.J. Study of plant Communities, Freeman & Co., San Francisco & London.
13. Billings, R.D.M. Plant and the Ecosystem. Wadsworth Co., California.
14. Bidwell, R.G.S. Plant Physiology, Macmillan publishing Co., Inc., New York.
15. S.D.A. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils.
16. Agriculture Hand book No.60, United States Department of Agriculture, USA.
17. Hussain,F. Field and Laboratory Mannual for Plant Ecology, UGC, Press, Islamabad.
18. Hussain, F. & I. IIahi. Ecology and Vegetation of Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan , Jadoon Press, Peshawar.
19. IIahi, I. Plant Growth, University Grants Commission press, Islamabad.
20. IIahi. Plant physiology: Biochemical processes in plants, University Grants Commission Press, Islamabad.

University of Sargodha English B.A / B.Sc Syllabus

Download full Syllabus

English Language (Compulsory) for B.A. Examination.

APPENDIX  ‘A’

(Outline of Tests)

Paper ‘A’: Prose and Poetry.                                                                                             100 Marks

Paper ‘B’: Grammar and Composition:                                                                         100 Marks

_________

Grand Total:                         200 Marks

APPENDIX ‘B’

(Syllabus and Courses of Reading)

Paper ‘A’ Prose and Poetry:

(The paper will carry 100 marks)

1. A Selection of Modern English Essays: Edited by Prof. Sajjad Sheikh, published by Makataba-e-Karvan, Katchery Road, Lahore.

2. A New Anthology of English Poetry: Edited by Prof. Shoaib  bin Hassan and Prof. K. Aslam,published by Makataba-e- Karvan, Katchery Road, Lahore.

3. A Selection of Short Stories and One-Act Plays: Edited by Dr. Nasim Riaz Butt, published by Makataba-e-Karvan, Kathcery Road, Lahore.

4. The Old Man and the Sea: Earnest Hemingway.

N.B.__1. All the prescribed books are for intensive reading.

1. All the five questions carry equal marks.
2. The first question is of reference to the context (3 out of 5 passages) from poetry and One-Act plays.
3. One question on any Essay from

A Selection of Modern English Essays: by Prof Sajjad Sheikh.

Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each

OR

Another question on essays from

A Selection of Modern English Essays: by Prof.Sajjad Sheikh.

Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each.

4. One question on a poem from the book of

Poetry: A New Anthology of English Poetry: by Prof. Shoaib bin Hassan & Prof K.Aslam. Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each.

OR

Another question on a poem from the book of poetry:

A New Anthology of English Poetry: by Prof Shoaib bin Hassan & Prof. K.Aslam.

Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each.

5. One question on a short story from the book of A Selection of Short Stories and One-Act Plays: by Dr. Nasim Riaz Butt.

Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each.

OR

Another question on a short story from the book of A Selection of Short Stories and One Act Plays: by Dr. Nasim Riaz Butt.

Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each.

(The examiner, however, is free to choose any TWO OR THREE questions from the book, which may be concerned with Short Stories or One-Act Plays)

6. One question is to be set from Novel “The Old Man and the Sea”: by Earnest Hemingway. Carrying 20 marks.

OR

Another question is to be set from Novel “The Old Man and the Sea”: by Earnest Hemingway.

Comprising two parts carrying 10 marks each.

(This arrangement of questions will make the students read all the prescribed books)

Paper B

Q.No.1.                                                                                                                      5+20 (25)

Essay (with outline)

(Note: students should be directed to write

between 300-350 words)

Q.No.2.                                                                                                                      9+16 (25)

Comprehension and Précis

Q.No.3.                                                                                                                      (15)

Formal letter/Application

(Note: letter must discuss some problems

and application must be official)

Q.No.4.                                                                                                                      (15)

Translation or Dialogue

Q.No.5.                                                                                                                      (10)

Correction of Sentences

Q.No.6.                                                                                                                      (10)

Idioms and Phrasal verbs.                                                                                  ____

                                                                                                                                  100

English Language (Compulsory) for B.Sc. Examination.

APPENDIX ‘A’

(Outlines of Tests)

There will be one paper carrying 100 marks of three hour’s duration.

Paper:                                                                                                         Marks: 100

1. Prose Part: 50

Syllabi / courses of reading (prose part)

Text Book:

A Selection of English prose by Dr. Nosheen Khan & Prof. Ghulam Serwar Qureshi

2. General Part: 50
   1. Comprehension & Précis 6+9   (15)
   2. Report writing: 10

• Cloze test (from text)

or

Translation from Urdu into English                                                      10

1. Essay (200 words) 15

University of Sargodha Pakistan Studies B.A / B.Sc Syllabus

Download Full Syllabus

Course Outline for Pakistan Studies

Marks: 40   

Objectives: The objectives of this course are to acquaint the students with:

1. Two Nation Theory and Ideology of Pakistan
2. Historical background of creation of Pakistan
3. Two Nation Theory in its historical context, definition and interpretations
4. Quaid-i-Azam and his political ideas.
5. Political Dynamics of Pakistan
6. Constitutional of development in Pakistan. (1947-73)
7. Salient features of constitution of Pakistan 1973.
8. Institutions of Pakistan: political parties, bureaucracy, army, judiciary and media.
9. Problems of Pakistan as a Federal State.
10. Socio-Economic Issues of Pakistan.
11. Economical Problem.
12. Social and demographic issues.
13. Diplomatic Dynamics of Pakistan.
14. Determinants and objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
15. Pakistan’s relations with its neighboring countries.
16. Pakistan and the Muslim World ( A comprehensive review of foreign policy of Pakistan)

Recommended Books:

1. Javed Ahmad Sheikh, Pakistan’s Political, Economic and Diplomatic Dynamics, Lahore: Kitabistan Paper Products.

2. Other relevant readings for the individual subjects shall be recommended by the teacher during the course.

University of Sargodha Date Sheet for LLM, MSCS, M.Phil Programs 1st & 2nd Term 2016

1st Term Date Sheet Download

2nd Term Date Sheet Download